Stereotyping Essay Example For Students

Generalizing Essay Generalizing and ethnocentrism are the main purposes behind theintense torment experienced by certain characters in the accompanying books. TheChrysalids, Of Mice and Men, and The Pearl. Of Mice and Men and The Pearlwere composed by John Steinbeck and The Chrysalids was composed byJohn Wyndham. Generalizing, a fixed mental impression, is delineated in all thesenovels alongside ethnocentrism, the propensity to respect ones own groupand/or culture as characteristically better than all others. Characters in propositions books, (pearl) Coyotito, Kino, Jauna, (of miceand men) Lenny, Crooks, Curleys Wife , all the laborers, each one that isnot unadulterated Suffer extreme torment. We will compose a custom exposition on Stereotyping explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now This article will investigate the reasons

What Does A Relationship Do For An Individual Every Relationship Betw

What does a relationship accomplish for a person? Each connection between a male and female change their present status. Having a relationship influenced me from multiple points of view in which some are acceptable and some awful. The great and awful sides to having a relationship are lower grades, need of more cash, yet a superior public activity. One of the primary reasons why understudies get lower grades are because of connections. Having the option to stay in contact with the one you have affections for removes time from your schoolwork andother things you may need to achieve. A few understudies might have the option to get their needs straight and remain on track yet its profoundly improbable. Your homwork accumulates gradually and you won't notice it until the day preceding all the work is expected! That'swhen you'll understand you're behind, however by then it's past the point of no return. Cash is a key factor to a relationship in light of the fact that in a relationship each couple needs to do things togetherlike watch a film, have supper, or get him/her a blessing. You might have the option to remain on target in school, have high evaluations, and so forth yet the fact of the matter is its better when you have a relationship than not having one. All things considered, for the vast majority in any case. One thing without a doubt is that you'll have a superior public activity. You'll have somebody to converse with when you have issues and somebody to incline toward She can be an extraordinary solace to you if the individual really thinks about you. In case you're going out with an individual becausethe individual simply has a decent physical appearance, than you probably won't have that extravagance, yet it is an extraordinary comfort for a great many people. I trust this has educated everybody that read this about the great and awful sides to having a relationship. There are numerous different motivations to a relationship, however these are the primary three things to it, at any rate for me at any rate. My recommendation to everybody is, hold up until you're out of school on the off chance that you need a decent future, since it can truly wreck your evaluations, yet on the off chance that you're willing to be steady and can live with less rest, at that point by all means......start a relationship. In any event, one that will last.

Battle of Thermopylae (c. 480BC) Research Paper

Skirmish of Thermopylae (c. 480BC) - Research Paper Example Lord Leonidas was held out with minor 300 hoplites and was against a large number of best Great King’s troops. The skirmish of Thermopylae was during the attack of Persian between 480-479 BC. The fight was first and between the Greeks and Persians. The power of Greek was exact moment and was a lot of resolved to battle and remain against a huge number of Persian armed force. In focal Greece, relationship of Greek-states at the go of Thermopylae battled with the attacking Persians. Greeks were dwarfed yet they battled and kept down Persians for three days and is known as history’s one of the most well known last stands. Lord of Sparta Leonidas obstructed the street which was the main street to pass by the gigantic power of Xerxes I of Persia. The 300 Spartans battled till the end however were completely murdered and they would have known ahead of time that they would be killed. The mental fortitude appeared by the Sparta gave a feeling of conviction and motivation to the Greeks1. Spartans were never scared of foes and their numbers. Contradicting powers According to Herodotus, Greek city-states comprised of around in excess of 6,200 men who battled with Persian armed force and were completely dwarfed. Persian armed force was about 2,242,000+. Greek armed force included 300 Spartans, 1000 Phocians, 500 Tegeans, different Arcadians 1000 and others. Be that as it may, contrasting and the Persian armed force it is insignificant and little armed force power. Persian armed force included 500,000 armada team, 1,500,000 infantry, 320,000 Greek associated troops, and so on numbers are enormous to be sure. 300 Spartans who battled for Greek city were a world class gathering of Spartan hoplites2. Each man of 300 Spartans had a living child. What's more, it is said that every one of the 300 Spartans had somebody to battle for. 300 tip top Spartans were driven by the ruler Leonidas. Key and strategic contemplations of the Opposing powers The Spartans didnâ€⠄¢t have numerous alternatives. However, the ruler of Sparta Leonidas chose to put singed earth approach. Arrangement was put so Greeks went out and obliterate all structures, domesticated animals and grain and dirtied the fundamental water flexibly. And all the work was done before the appearance of Persians. At the point when Persians showed up with their tremendous power at Thermopylae they needed to depend on food which is being sent to them. They likewise found that they couldn't leave the land and that isn't the circumstance to be in. The Greeks concluded that they would persevere at Thermopylae which is a restricted pass where northwest of Athens met at the ocean. From the key point, Greeks have utilized most ideal approach to stop immense armed force of patricians. The Greek style of fighting was strategically fit in the go at Thermopylae3. Leonidas utilized powers in a limited pass with the goal that Persians couldn't assault from flanks. The Greeks conveyed in a phalanx. W hat's more, this fundamentally implies Greeks remained in firm lines and utilized enormous shields to ensure them. They stood immovably in lines and bolted their shields together. They bolted their shields so close and close that there isn’t any hole between the shields for foe to assault. Skirmish of Thermopylae First day The Phocians fabricated a huge antiquated divider to prevent strikes from Thessaly. Be that as it may, it was crushed and self-destructed. Leonidas proceeded to reconstruct the divider and furthermore send some neighborhood Greeks to ensure the individuals who are modifying the divider. The Persians saw that revamping of the divider yet were not worried by the little power of Greeks. Persians

Strategic Planning Analysis of Westpac Corporation

Question: Examine about theStrategic Planningfor Analysis of Westpac Corporation. Answer: Presentation The event of monetary limits has contrarily affected the exhibition of most organizations. The financial division is one of the significant territories that have advanced innovative exercises in the most pieces of the globe. For example, the activity of offering modest credits to support financial specialists in Australia made another age of people who were roused to obtain monetary autonomy. Be that as it may, in spite of the area being the foundation of financial improvements in a nation, the industry faces an expansive scope of difficulties. For example, the industry faces wild rivalry from different banks and monetary establishment, at that point, here and there, the State detailing of troublesome guidelines with respect to the financing costs the foundations are required to charge its clients (Grant, et al. 2011). In beating a portion of the difficulties, Westpac Banking Corporation has set up different methodologies that have generally given it a serious edge over the adversaries. For example, the organization has adjusted its business destinations to client fragments by having client confronting divisions (Grundy, 2006, p.213-239). These portions incorporate purchaser banks, which handles deals and buyer clients. The subsequent division is Business Bank, which handles little to medium endeavors, agri-business, and business customers. The third class is BT Financial Group Australia area bargains in the matter of riches and protection. The fourth division is Westpac New Zealand which offers a scope of monetary administrations to foundations, business and purchaser clients in New Zealand. At that point, at long last, the Westpac Institutional Bank offers some monetary types of assistance to government, foundations, corporate and business clients interfacing Australia and New Zealand. This broad ening of business portfolios is instrumental in pushing the organization towards progress. The multifaceted nature in the financial business essentially expects organizations to set up an unmistakable methodology for them for development. It is the technique Westpac has consistently applied to accomplish the status it has now. In spite of which wasteful aspects in the tasks will enter the organization and a culture of laxity may enter the association (Nongo, et al. 2012). Ineffectual operational methodologies represent lacking workers center and the organization will in the long run lose course. Thusly, the association will lose the serious edge. Further, understanding the vision, strategic, qualities and targets goes about as a guide for coordinating the association towards the correct course. Moreover, the examination of the inside and outside condition is fundamental for concocting a methodology that will help improve the presentation of an enterprise and guide it towards flourishing (Rothaermel, 2008, p. 201-225). In this manner, the paper has investigated the vital making arrangements for Westpac Banking Corporation. The conversation has dissected the companys vision, strategic qualities articulations and their fittingness to the accomplishment of the essential goals. What's more, the paper has secured the objectives of the bank and its suitability. Besides, the inside and outside conditions have been routed to discover the companys quality and shortcomings to help in the improvement of operational procedures that best suits the business (Thompson, et al. 2014). Westpac Corporation and the Industry As prior noticed the bank is among the main four monetary establishments in Australia. The thirteen million clients clearly show how really well the bank is performing. The long visit in the business gives it a decent notoriety and picture and furthermore improves the work of trust by clients. The support of the proposition depends on the present execution of the organization. In the event that it could be an exploitative organization, the quantity of client base could be little. Additionally, the organization couldn't have developed to this level. It is along these lines very certain that Westpac Corporation is an entrenched association, with a vital concentration and offers need to clients interests (Kitchen, Burgmann, 2015, p.212-216). In Australia, the financial business is serious. The seriousness exudes from the way that Australia has such a significant number of banking and money related organizations. In the occasion a bank neglects to offer best administrations to its customers, the danger of losing a critical number of the clients to the contenders is high to the point that may contrarily affect on its exhibition (Hemmatfar, et al. 2010). Other than rivalry, the industry is looked by financial limits. The economy of Australia fluctuates with occasional changes. Since banks execution relies upon the relentlessness of the economy. Remarkably, a decrease in the innovative activities naturally influences the banks. Thusly, the foundation of compelling techniques and considerable help by the representatives at the execution ensures the accomplishment of a financial organization or some other organization. Vision, Mission and Core Values of Westpac Banking Corporation The vision proclamation for Westpac Banking Corporation is to develop as the universes extraordinary money related administrations supplier, helping clients, networks and individuals to flourish and develop. The statement of purpose is to be a main supplier of money related administrations in the Australian and New Zealand Markets. This crucial vision articulation is suitable for the association in that it empowers the organization to contend in the financial business well. The framework has implanted the organization basic beliefs in the way of life to help the clients. These qualities support cooperation, which guarantees cooperating to convey the best to the clients and charming clients where they look to put a sharp eye and controls with the goal that they can comprehend their desires. Another worth is fortitude, where the Westpac group will be sufficiently strong to deal with change, not dreading the better approach for leading exercises (Ireland, et al. 2008). At long last, they have an incentive to look for business, group and individual accomplishment. These qualities are appropriate for Westpac Banking Corporation since they offer thought to all parts of the association that is important for the development and again line up with the vision and crucial the association. The compatibilities of the qualities with association targets make effectiveness and keep up laborers center around meeting the companys key points. Goals of Westpac Banking Corporation Goals provide guidance and show the concentration and the correct method to follow. The targets ought to be inspected each year to guarantee that the association adapts to the changing industry condition. It assists with adjusting the dangers and returns in this manner advancing development. Westpac Banking Corporation has different goals in accordance with execution. It anticipates being the most performing bank in Australia. Additionally, it is resolved to: accomplish an administration balance between returns, development, and efficiency, to keep up high capital levels to assemble for partners necessities, to improve subsidizing types to finance assorted variety for clients and to keep up resource portfolio. These presentation targets target improving the exhibition and maintainability of the business (Hill, 2008, p. 423-440). Further, the Corporation has goals in accordance with the administration authority. These goals are to: give the best client experience with respect to items and administrations offered by the association, to take a shot at the setting based encounters of the customer, to gain new clients. These goals are to guarantee that the association gets a decent number of customers and that get the chance to be the best involvement with the association. The association additionally has focuses to think about advanced change (Daneshvar, et al. 2010). It includes the utilization of innovation to: streamline the activity in regards to the administrations and procedure, to make a recently digitized bank and to deal with the productivity openings from utilizing present day innovation. This target guarantees that the organization expands the most recent innovation and each possibility that originates from it. Westpac Banking Corporation has objectives that focus on the development of the organization. The targets seek after the development openings and spotlight on the development of little and medium endeavors in the area of activity. It will guarantee that the association development is contemplated. Ultimately, the association has goals that emphasis on client support and workforce insurgency (Chen, et al. 2006). These objectives are to concentrate on client support, to fortify the aptitudes of the workforce that serve the clients, to assist workforce with being inventive in serving clients. These destinations are appropriate for the Westpac Banking Corporation since they are very much lined up with its dreams. These goals additionally are in arrangement with the strategic the association which is to be a main supplier of money related administrations in the Australian and New Zealand Markets. Moreover, the destinations are likewise very much lined up with the fundamental beliefs making them proper for the organization. Ecological Analysis of the Westpac Banking Corporation SWOT investigation is a suitable instrument for the examination of the Corporation outside condition. The instrument is fundamental in assessing the business circumstance. By a savvy investigate Westpac Banking Corporation utilizing the methodology, one can recognize the shortcoming and dangers to its activity (Fleisher, 2003, p.59). It presents a reasonable chance to do what is important to the business in dealing with operational difficulties to improve the administration. In this way, it is significant for any Westpac Banking Corporation to dissect the business condition to understand a proficient route for achievement in the business (Belch, 2014, p.31-34). To begin with the qualities, it investigates factors that favor Westpac Banking Corporation over different contenders (Rugman, et al. 2008). As to viewpoint, Westpac Banking Corporation is nearly superior to th

History of Optometry Free Essays

The historical backdrop of optometry can be followed back to the early investigations on optics and picture development by the eye. The sources of optometric science (optics, as instructed in an essential material science class) go back two or three thousand years BC as proof of the presence of focal points for enhancement has been found. It is obscure when the principal displays were made, yet the British researcher and antiquarian Sir Joseph Needham expressed in his exploration that the old Chinese created the soonest eyeglasses 1000 years prior and were likewise referenced by the Venetian Marco Polo in his record of his movements in antiquated China. We will compose a custom article test on History of Optometry or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now On the other hand, look into by David A. Goss in the United States, shows they may have started freely in the late thirteenth century in Italy as expressed in an original copy from 1305 where a priest from Pisa named Rivalto expressed â€Å"It isn't yet a long time since there was found the specialty of making eyeglasses†. Displays were made in Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands by 1300. Benito Daza de Valdes distributed the third book on optometry in 1623, where he referenced the utilization and fitting of eyeglasses. In 1692, William Molyneux composed a book on optics and focal points where he expressed his thoughts on nearsightedness and issues identified with close-up vision. The researchers Claudius Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler additionally added to the making of optometry. Kepler found how the retina in the eye makes vision. From 1773 until around 1829, Thomas Young found the incapacity of astigmatism and it was George Biddell Airy who structured glasses to address that difficult that included spherocylindrical focal point. In spite of the fact that the term optometry showed up in the 1759 book A Treatise on the Eye: The Manner and Phenomena of Vision by Scottish doctor William Porterfield, it was not until the mid twentieth century in the United States and Australia that it started to be utilized to portray the calling. By the late twentieth century notwithstanding, denoting the differentiation with apportioning opticians, it had become the globally acknowledged term. Step by step instructions to refer to History of Optometry, Essay models

How to Form Good Relations with a Professor

How to Form Good Relations with a Professor How to Form Good Relations with a Professor Home›Education Posts›How to Form Good Relations with a Professor Education PostsProfessors are an integral part of college. Without these people, college cannot exist as they perform the main role in the studying process. Sometimes we think about professors as the people who can make or break your grade and further life. It is true that your results depend not only on you but on your professors too. Sometimes, if a student has bad relations with a professor, this may lead to negative consequences. That is why it is highly important to form good relations with a professor if you want to achieve success in the academic life. We at QualityCustomEssays.com know how to gain success and want to propose you some tips on how to maintain good relations with your professors.• Sit in front of the professor. It is very important to distinguish yourself from other students. Try to sit in the front row as professors notice students who sit there. Also it will be good for you as you will be more attentive while sitting in the front row and remember more information. One more thing is to sit in the same place so the professor knows where you are.• Be friendly. Always say hello to your professors whenever you see them. Cultured and friendly students may achieve better results.• Ask appropriate questions. If you strive to draw professor’s attention to you, ask intelligent questions, related to the topic of the lecture. Professor will estimate your interest in the subject.• Always attend classes. Try to not skip classes. If you are ill, it is advisable to send email to your professor explaining the reason of your absence.• Listen to your professor. Be attentive during lectures, listen to your professor with interest, this will help him/her to see that you are serious and want to learn something new.

Love and How Social Statuses Influence Various Forms - 550 Words

The Study of Love and How Social Statuses Influence Various Forms (Essay Sample) Content: First and last name, dateReflection prÃÆ'cis #1, The Science of LovePART I: This essay talks about the study of love and how social statuses influence various forms. Love is an emotional feeling of intense affection towards someone. There are three types discussed in this essay namely romantic, platonic and self-love. Education, income, gender, race and religion influence the kind of people we tend to love. According to Schwartz (2013), our choices for "the love of our lives occurs along predictable lines. People fall in love with individuals they often see because they either meet them in church, schools at their place of work. Regarding U.S Census Bureau (2012d), less than 10% of all U.S marriages are interracial or interethnic and only a third occur between people of different religions. In romantic relationships, individuals prefer partners who are geographically closer to them. Social issues also influence platonic love within the parties. Friendships arise from routine interactions with another person thus; it is not possible for a friendship to develop between people who have not interacted in any way whatsoever before. Friendships arise mostly from residents in the same neighborhoods, attending the same schools and church or working in the same place. However, they differ based on peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s socioeconomic status. The middle class have friendships with non-relatives and a large geographical distance between the participants does not act as a barrier as opposed to the working classes, whose friends are most likely relatives and are of close geographical proximity. The essay also points out that social situations influence self-love. The love and feedback we receive from our significant partners affect the level of self-love. Positive and encouraging comments from our loved ones increase our self-esteem and the vice versa also holds.PART II: Regarding romantic love, I am of the view that social statuses do not influence it. An indi vidual can fall in love with a person of a different race, education level and also of a different religion. Love is a feeling of the heart and cannot be influenced by anything that is not emotional. Here, the idea of "love at first sight" comes into play. I believe in love at first glance, and that relationships that arise from this kind of love grow and blossom into beautiful love affairs. I concur with the fact that friendships occur within people who have routine interactions be it social or economic. However, I detest the idea that bonds differ based on the par...

Should Marijuana Be Banned Essay - 1267 Words

To begin with marijuana is a natural plant grown in countries outside of the US. However, marijuana known to naturally grow from the earth, which its natural state is a dry leafy flower stem or in medical terms labeled hemp plant or Cannabis Sativa. Next, the active ingredient in marijuana contains mind altering chemicals called THC (9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and other related compounds made, from the cannabis plant. Not to mention, marijuana is the most widespread illegal drug used, in addition to other illicit drugs used in the United States. Also, the increase of marijuana use is high amongst the younger generation and the older generation. Granted, availability is easily accessible because of its low cost and ease of transport, from third world countries directed to the United Sates. For example, marijuana transported and sold like goods in a grocery store. The second, its popularity through research marijuana aids in helping others, with as pain therapy and with healing agents for certain diseases. In any case, to understand the ‘pros and cons’ of marijuana used for medical purposes for people suffering from pain and disease, the legalization of the drug, the short/ long term effects in the brain, and the increase use among youth and older generation controversy of today. For example, their numerous ways marijuana exchanged or sold, such as medical dispensaries issuing medical marijuana, street corners, or the illegal sale or transport of drugs, by drug dealers.Show MoreRelatedMarijuana Should Not Be Banned Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesWithin today’s society, Cannabis is seen as a harmful substance of such negative controversy. Marijuana is a very prominent and controversial issue in society today. Despite many malicious allegations have been made regarding marijuana today, the truth of what marijuana’s real dangers are are beginning to come about again. Sadly, these facts have been held under considerable judgement because of what people stereotyp e a pot smoker as. This has been brought under heavy criticism due to the stereotypicalRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Banned Marijuana1667 Words   |  7 PagesCannabis, otherwise known as marijuana, is a way of preparing the marijuana plant so that it can be used as medicine or a psychoactive drug. It is the most extensively banned drug in Britain. However, many local societies and organizations advocate a reform of its validity. These include NORML UK, UKCSC Drug Equality Alliance, as well as Cannabis Law Reform. Other societies such as the Centre for Social Justice and Skunk Sense argue in favour of cannabis remaining illegal (UK Government, 2014). ThereRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Banned Marijuana944 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the history of agriculture, the marijuana plant, also known as cannabis or hemp has been extensively used as a source of medicine, fiber, and intoxicant. In the ancient folklore and writings of China and India, the earliest known descriptions of cannabis are evident. According to historians, marijuana was mostly used a ritual intoxicant and later on, it found significance in folk medicine. The practice of smoking of marijuana has only appeared recently. There has been a lot of literatureRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Banned Marijuana1282 Words   |  6 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana, is largely known for its use as a psychoactive drug and medicine. It’s become a controversial issue as many people are against legalizing it because they believe it is a gateway drug (a drug that isn’t necessarily addictive, but can lead the user to use more addictive drugs) or for other reaso ns. Others, such as Daniel J. Pfeifer, support the legalization of marijuana for recreational and/or medicinal use. As a law student, Pfeifer argues the federal government’sRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned?854 Words   |  4 Pagesalone, tobacco was to blame for an overwhelming 435,000 deaths. In the whole past of humanity, marijuana has never been documented as a reason of death. Not one person in noted history has died due to the consumption of cannabis. (Annual Cause of Death in the United States.). However, marijuana has been connected to short term memory loss and to a faintly condensed lung volume when habitually inhaled. Marijuana also impairs judgment and motor skills, but its effects are nowhere near as severe as thoseRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Banned Marijuana1449 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana has been used throughout history since before the 1600s and the timeline has continue to today. But it did not become an issue until the 1900s through 1920s after th e Mexican Revolution. During this time many Mexicans immigrants arrived in overwhelming amounts into the United States introducing marijuana as a recreational drug to Americans and its culture. As a result, many Mexican immigrants became associated with marijuana and the terror and preconception that they all used marijuanaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned Marijuana?1796 Words   |  8 Pagesseveral ways a person can consume marijuana. The first and most popular way is by smoking it. Cannabis can be rolled into a joint, or smoked through a pipe. The next is by vaporizing. Vaporizing the marijuana heats it up to the point it becomes a vapor. Vaporizing is a safer alternative to smoking marijuana. Vaporizing the marijuana reduces the amount of harmful smoke that will affect the throat and lungs. Another way is by using topical agents. This means the marijuana is applied directly to the skinRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned?951 Words   |  4 Pagesrate of drug consumed. Most tim es the easy way seems like the best way out, the use of drugs, especially steroids for boosting up performance anywhere should not be encouraged, but when people demand for the best from everything, what choice is given? Legalizing Steroids the United States would have a huge effect on everyone, just like marijuana. There are different articles, and documentary of several cases of steroids; their types, their effects and result, the thought of researching, and presentingRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned? Essay909 Words   |  4 Pages Marijuana is now partially decriminalized in 24 states including DC and legal for recreational use in 4 states. Due to new medical studies, and the consequences on those convicted from use of the most common illicit drug in the world, the United States is being forced to rethink its stance on the matter. The fundamental argument about Marijuana in this country is: should Marijuana continue to be prohibited to citizens based on its health effects and/or medicinal values? Marijuana is the most commonlyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned? Essay1274 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies have shown that marijuana extracts may help kill certain cancer cells and reduce the size of others† (NIDA). Though there is not extensive research that has been done, what has been shown is that it can contribute to the medical field, clothing industries, paper mills, food, and many others. Even if there was a small chance to contribute to the betterment of mankind, it would be worth the research to definitively say one way or the other. Five thousand years of history should prove its worth in

Poetry Analysis †Whoso List to Hunt - 1128 Words

Poetry Analysis – Whoso List To Hunt â€Å"Whoso List To Hunt† is a Petrarchan sonnet by Thomas Wyatt, which is known as an Italian sonnet, consisting of an octave and a sestet. This sonnet revolves around the themes of unrequited love, sexism, complexity, obsession and passion. Wyatt uses a collection of poetic techniques within the sonnet in order to display the power and desire the man has for the woman. The structure of this sonnet corresponds to a Petrarchan sonnet. This is identified by the rhyming scheme â€Å"abba abba cde cde†. The sonnet is constructed by an octave, which are two quatrains combined then a sestet following after that. â€Å"Whoso List To Hunt† was based in the English Renaissance period during the late 15th century to the†¦show more content†¦The poet in lines 5-6 cannot take his fatigued mind off the ‘deer’ as she continues to flee. â€Å"my wearied mind Draw from the deer, but as she fleeth afore,†. These lines signify his ‘obsession’ of possessing his prey. The use of the poetic term ‘consonance’, repetitions of non-vowel sounds, in line 6, â€Å"Draw from the deer† expresses the reoccurring longing desire and passion for the deer (woman). Another instance in which consonances are used, â€Å"as she fleeth afore, Fainting I follow. I leave off therefore†. In this line there is an unremitting repetition of the letter â€Å"F† which gives a great indication that the hunter is out of breath and exhausted. When she flees, it quotes, â€Å"fainting I follow†. He can only barely catch up to the wind that follows behind her, so he realises here that the chase is futile. He apprehends the fact that the deer is not welcoming his affection, which refers back to the theme of â€Å"unrequited love†. Wyatt in addition introduces a second ‘metaphor’, â€Å"wind† in which he uses to describe the woman. The â€Å"wind† symbolises agility, freedom and is impossible to capture. The first octave makes out that this was all a wasted hunt, and that the poet is officially unsuccessful. In the closing sestet, the hunter addresses the other suitors who are determined to capture her that they have absolutely no chance and warns them that they’ll suffer deep consequences ifShow MoreRelatedJohn Donne And Cecile Day Lewis1088 Words   |  5 Pagespoet’s era and life experiences that dictate how he/she represents love. Thomas Wyatt, John Donne and Cecile Day Lewis are good examples of how life experiences can determine the poets’ divergence of traditional courtly and pastoral love. An abreast analysis of the above poets’ lives and their works allow us to draw parallels between their life experiences and their subversions of conventions of love. Thomas Wyatt’s subversion of courtly love was influenced by his intimate relation with the women. SirRead MoreThe Court and Sir Thomas Wyatt1386 Words   |  6 PagesSir Thomas Wyatt During the 16th Century, English poetry was dominated and institutionalised by the Court. Because it excited an intensity that indicates a rare concentration of power and cultural dominance, the Court was primarily responsible for the popularity of the poets who emerged from it. Sir Thomas Wyatt, one of a multitude of the so-called Court poets of this time period, not only changed the way his society saw poetry through his adaptations of the Petrarchan Sonnet, but also

Dangers of Totalitarianism in Orwells 1984 Essay

1984 by George Orwell is an extremely negative outlook on a futuristic, seemingly utopian society. People inhabiting the land of Oceania are enslaved to the government, most without even realizing it. The Party uses its many members to enforce its methods of control on the population. While a bit extreme, Orwell was attempting to warn people about the dangers of totalitarianism. The story focuses largely on the tactics of the Party?s manipulation. The major aspects of the aforementioned control stratagem are the alterations of history as the wishes, the invention of Newspeak to eliminate any chance of rebellion, psychological and physical intimidation, and the use of technology to monitor citizens. The Party changes records of the†¦show more content†¦If there are no words, then there is no way to formulate the thought. The populace is scared into believing that any expression of defiance, even in their own homes, is illegal. Any violation or possible threat to the Party ?s power will result in re-education and then, usually, death by vaporization or gunshot to the head. Telescreens constantly monitoring the public keep them weak and afraid. The omnipresent posters reminding them that the supposed Big Brother is watching them at all times also keeps them rigid and on alert. Citizens become hyperaware of their facial expressions, and everything they say has to first be mentally checked for any possibility that the phrase could be taken in a different manner, an illegal one. The Party also keeps the population in a near-constant state of exhaustion, the result of working long, hard, and tedious jobs. People are too tired to bother rebelling or harboring rebellious thoughts and ideas. By keeping them feeble and powerless, the government can make sure they won?t rise up against the Party. The protagonist of the story, a thirty-nine-year-old man named Winston Smith, tries to rebel against these oppressions. He hates the Party, and the many ways it suppresses his individuality. He has a very fatalistic personality, so he believes he will be caught no matter what. This causes him to take unnecessary risks, such as buying a diary from Mr. Charrington?s antique shop, and writing ?DownShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 Pageswriting the novel 1984, which similarly criticized totalitarianism by depicting an overwhelmingly melancholy dystopian society. 1984 achieved similar success and opened the public’s eyes to the dangers of the spread of despotic regimes throughout the world. By examining both Animal Farm and Orwell’s biography, further light is shed onto his belief in the dangers of totalitarian governments as depicted in 1984. Primarily, there were many influential factors and moments in George Orwell’s life that causedRead More1984 Dystopian Society Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Party immortal. Winston presumably wanted to stand up for his beliefs, without facing any consequences for going against the Party. By writing 1984, Orwell warns people of the dangers that totalitarianism places on society. 1984 reflects its historical period by comparing Orwell’s dystopian society to Germany around the time of World War II. In 1984, society is divided into â€Å"classes,† with the most important at the top and the least important at the bottom. By describing the rankings of the classesRead MoreGovernment Surveillance And Totalitarianism In George Orwells 19841593 Words   |  7 PagesThe Correlation of Government Surveillance and Totalitarianism in 1984 During the production of 1984, author George Orwell never envisioned a tangible reality housing the society he constructed. He wrote the novel as a warning, a cautious exposà © showing those what could happen if society lost its sense of humanity; housed in a painfully relevant satire of totalitarian barbarism. In his novel 1984, George Orwell addresses the issue of government surveillance through his strategic use of point of viewRead MoreEssay on 1984: A Prophesy for the Future?1049 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel 1984 is a story about a future civilization that is ruled by a totalitarian government. When the book was published in 1949 the thoughts and ideas seemed to be a prophesy for the future. A totalitarian government is one of the strictest forms of government with the least amount of freedom for the people. A totalitarian government is a mix of the military, individual leadership and the national political party. Usually the leader is a person who has a kind of charisma that makes his authorityRead MoreInfluences on George Orwell: Who is Watching Whom?1204 Words   |  5 Pageswanted to show people the real dangers of a totalitarian government, and he wrote two political novels that warn people of those dangers. 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The part of 1984, which is so compelling and interesting, is the fact that the people are living in a dystopian world without even knowingRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 1045 Words   |  5 PagesAndrea Keefe Honors English 11, Period 3 VanCuran 3/27/2017 1984 Foreword The time period in which 1984 was set was in the year 1984. It was very different from what our â€Å"1984† was like. Even though this book was not based on actual historical events, it does compare to things that happen in our society today. George Orwell also known as Eric Blair was born in 1903 in Motihari, Bengal. Orwell died on January 21st, 1950 in London, UnitedRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19841168 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell author of 1984 recently made it on Amazon’s list of â€Å"100 books to read before you die† for his widely read novel with thought provoking subjects like: the dangers of totalitarianism, physical control, psychological manipulation, manipulation of information and history, and technology. Through the themes in 1984, George Orwell demonstrates that a dystopian society created by totalitarian rule can infiltrate the minds of its citizens through various mediums. The famous novel falls intoRead MoreTotalitarianism in Orwells Mind Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesof everything that author George Orwell hates in government. 1984, a book written by Orwell, depicts a society called Oceania, in which unwary citizens are obedient to the Party, a totalitarian regime. Totalitarianism is defined as a political system in which a centralized government does not tolerate any form of political dissent and seeks to control many, if not all, aspects of public and private life. Another one of George Orwell’s books, Animal Farm, is an allegory about the Soviet Union, andRead MoreThe Literary Impact Of George Orwell . George Orwell, Born1375 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most important science fiction writers of modern time (Elkins). George Orwell, due to his early life experiences, inspired millions to challenge and think independently about their government by writing two of the greatest novels of all times, 1984, and Animal Farm. George Orwell was born June 25, 1903 in Motihari, Bihar in India. This was at the time that India was part of the British Empire. His father was a British civil servant, who worked for the Opium Department. His mother was the

Reflection On Self Awareness - 933 Words

This project is a way of learning about yourself, and how you can succeed more in learning just by knowing your weaknesses and in strengths in you. Everybody wants to be successful in college, but sometimes the way you are might get in the way of that, that’s where the topic of self-awareness comes in. Self-awareness is the process of paying attention to yourself from different perspectives and by that it means knowing how you work with your temperament, personality, intelligence and your learning style. VARK is the acronym that stands for Visual, Aural, Read/write, and Kinesthetic sensory modalities and is used for learning information. The results I got for Visual was fifteen, for Aural I got four, for read/write I got nine,†¦show more content†¦The way my top two help me out in learning is by helping me concentrate to think and being able to get things done for me to understand the concept better. My main top strengths happen to be bodily-kinesthetic and individual s with kinesthetic enjoy movement. They are great at building things and they just love being active, they also have great engine aptitudes and are extremely mindful of their bodies. They learn best through development and experimentation. Some future careers for a person with kinesthetic might be a paramedic, physical therapist, and a firefighter and the list go on. Musical intelligence is someone who loves music and has the ability to think in sound and patterns instead of pictures and words. Having musical intelligence learn best through lessons and usually they sometimes use rhythm and sound to memorize things. Some careers for a person with musical intelligence might be a musician, music director, and or a songwriter and so on. My personality from the MBTI assessment gave me a result of four letters which were INTP. The first letter from the results is I which stands for introversion. Introversion is an individual who tends to avoid large groups of people so they rather be alone because they feel more comfortable that way. The opposite of an introvert person would be an Extraversion, which they in the other hand feel more comfortable when theyre around people and they find more energy interacting with others. The next letter, which isShow MoreRelatedSelf Reflection And Self Awareness1484 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I was told I was required to take this course, Women in Leadership, I was very nervous. I was nervous because self-reflection and self-awareness are not something I focus on often. I tend to worry more about others and their happiness and success, focusing on them instead of myself. Some of this may be purposeful, but this class has helped me begin to self-reflect and I ve learned a great deal about myself along the way. I have many values and strengths, although it has taken me some timeRead MoreReflection On Self Awareness1416 Words   |  6 PagesReflection on Personal Cultural Self-Awareness When I was younger, I didn’t quite understand the differences between the Native Taiwanese and Mainlander in Taiwan, where Mainlander referred to Chinese migrants during or after the period of the surrender of Imperial Japan, and World War II. It wasn’t until much later that I understood why Taiwanese divided among themselves. I was told my mothers side of family has experienced the White Terror, which refers to the entire period from 1947 to 1987,Read MoreA Reflection On Self Awareness1782 Words   |  8 Pages *Names have been changed to protect the identities of all the people within this reflection. Stage 1 – Self Awareness: I was really looking forward to going back into birth suite. I feel it’s an area that I can always work to improve on my performance and self confidence. I strive to make improvements every shift and would like to be a competent midwife in any given situation. Stage 2 – Description: My preceptor, Lou*, and I were half way through a quiet night shift when a woman, Lucy*, was transferredRead MoreSelf Reflection And Self Awareness Reflection Paper1054 Words   |  5 PagesCodependency: Self-Reflection and Self-Awareness Reflection Paper In the last several weeks, I had an opportunity to look back and analyze the events that has shaped my life. This was a unique experience where I was emotionally comfortable enough to look back at life. I was able too objectively revisit many events that were often buried and too painful to face. While doing this, I felt I had finally become free from the turmoil of fears of failure, anger, regret and isolation, which often cloudedRead MoreSelf Assessment And Reflection On Self Awareness1024 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-Assessment and Reflection Ayofemi C. Cassell Grand Canyon University: UNV-605-0500 Leadership and Organizations 14 January 2015 â€Æ' Self-Assessment and Reflection Self-Awareness, self-concept and emotional intelligence are effective managerial concepts that will result in leadership success. According to Stanford University, having these soft skills are indispensable traits that good managers should develop to be successful leaders. Managers strive to become aware of who they are, what theirRead MoreReflection Paper On Self Awareness1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe IAT self-awareness reflection paper will discuss personal reactions to the results of the exercise. It will also reflect on personal development towards being culturally competent counselor and the areas of growth. In addition, the paper will identify certain techniques to improvise counseling with LGBTQI+ clients. Reactions: My result of the IAT self-awareness test showed slight preference towards the straight people over gay people. Although the test results showed slight preference towardsRead MoreReflection Paper On Self Awareness2252 Words   |  10 Pageshelp me understand myself in a way that inspires growth; the questions and structure of the assessment resonated with my true feelings, inciting reflection, and making me more transparent. Dissecting my personality type has improved the understand of myself and others, allowing me to appreciate my strengths more, and improve my weaknesses. Self-awareness is a powerful mechanism for evaluating individual, group, and organizational dynamics in and way that is enriching and positive. Becoming a betterRead MorePersonal Reflection On Self Awareness Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesis it that in one lifetime there can be such clear moments of self-awareness followed by such dark moments of self-doubt? Is this a normal way to experience this one life I have on this earth, or is there a more stable way to navigate through the everyday moments? Am I really living my life to the fullest and in a way that truly honors my great God? These are just a few of the questions that contribute to the core of my self-reflection and that guide my future. These types of questions, as I haveRead MoreReflection Paper On Self Awareness Essay1811 Words   |  8 PagesSelf-Awareness Today I was apprehensive as it was my first time in a clinical experience. Based on my perspective that cancer ends in death and is full of struggles for the individual, I began feeling very depressed when meeting each patient. I began to realize this is the case as two out of the three patients I had met, had cancer and I became very quiet and did not know what to say to them as the nurse was hanging chemotherapy. I have hope that as time goes on I will learn how to overcome thisRead MoreBecoming A Helper : Reflection On Self Awareness And Cultural Competence1819 Words   |  8 Pages Becoming a Helper: A Reflection on Self Awareness and Cultural Competence In early elementary school, I would go into people’s desks, break their pencils, and then find a glue stick and tape, put them back together, and put them back in their desk. Now, you must be thinking, what kind of horrible child does something so intentionally mean? However, that’s the thing. My intentions were always good because I was trying to help people. I wasn’t thinking â€Å"oh I want to break their pencils,† but rather

Cultural Influences on Rite of Passage B Free Essays

Cultural Influences on Rite of Passage Beliefs and Rituals Cultures throughout the world honor the passing from childhood into adulthood with special celebrations and rituals that coincide with religious or social traditions. World civilizations pay homage to this rite of passage differently, ranging from jovial and lighthearted galas to the barbaric rituals frequently associated with remote African tribes. There are also other sects of the population where their youth enter a transitional phase that lasts from months or years, such as the Amish and the Aborigines. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Influences on Rite of Passage B or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their youth use this time as a period of learning to think and act as adults and for decision making about their future. Amish or plain people as they are also known migrated from Europe in search of religious freedom. They were originally part of the Mennonite religion and follow many of the same practices today. They are governed by the unwritten rules known as the Ordnung. They live by principles of simplicity, reject arrogance, embrace humility and socialize only within their community and avoid other parts of society as much as possible. Amish children only attend school until they complete 8th grade and higher education is discouraged or forbidden. At the age of sixteen, Amish teens are given the choice of participating in Rumspringa, a German term that translates into run around in English. During this time Amish adolescents are free to explore life among modern American society. It is believed that at this age that they have reached a maturity level where they can act responsibly as well as having the skills for making rational informed decisions. This time of reflection is for the youths to decide if they want to remain in modern society or return to the Amish community where they are baptized as adults and are expected to follow the church for the rest of their lives without question. Wargny 2 Rumspringa is also a catalyst for Amish teens to socialize and meet prospective marriage partners. They congregate with other young men and women of Amish faith, experiment with alcohol, drugs, premarital sex, automobiles, cell phones, and video games. (Welcome to Lancaster County) Studies of rumspringa have concluded that approximately 85% of teens willingly return to Amish life and forfeit all conveniences of technology and English ways of life. The small percentage of those choosing to remain in modern society, do so with the understanding that they are shunned by all Amish people including their immediate family. There is no further contact or connection to their past and must live the rest of their lives as though they were strangers or non-existent to everyone they ever knew. The Australian Aborigine tribes are believed to have migrated from Asia more than 20,000 years ago and are native to the barren outback land of Australia. In ancient aboriginal culture, the rite of passage into manhood started at age 12 with a series of ceremonies and rituals held over a course of a few years. The Alkira Kiumi as it is called, started at age 12, and involved the boy being repeatedly tossed into the air and caught by their male relatives of the tribe. Next was the circumcision procedure, which took place by a fire ring. The chief of the tribe sat on the boy’s chest and cut the foreskin of the penis off with a sharp stone or knife. The boy was given a boomerang to bite on for the pain. After the circumcision, the boy was made to kneel close to the fire so that the smoke would rise up and purify the wound and then the elders of the tribe fed the young man his severed foreskin to symbolize the devouring of boyhood. Wargny 3 Months after the initial circumcision, a fireside sub incision ceremony was held. A stick was inserted into the urethra to brace the knife as it cut from the urethra to the scrotum. The boy then rose and allowed his blood to drip into the flames of the fire. The second circumcision made it necessary for the boy to thereafter assume a squatting position in order to urinate. Anthropologists theorize that this ritual was performed so that young males would better understand and sympathize with a females’ menstrual cycle. After the circumcisions came a ceremony in which a chisel was used to knock out the front tooth of the young man as it was believed it made him more physically attractive. The next step toward manhood was to serve as a test of his courage by having him walk barefoot across a bed of fire. The final phase of the rite of passage into manhood was known as a walkabout and is also noted as a time for dreaming hence the name Dreamtime. â€Å" According to Aboriginal belief, all life as it is today is part of one vast unchanging network of relationships which can be traced to the Great Ancestors of the Dreamtime† (Rose Marina) It involved young men leaving the safety of their childhood homes to roam about in the barren desert to live on their own for a period of up to 6 months. During the walkabout; the teen boys were only permitted to rely only on nature and the spiritual guidance of their ancestors for their survival. As they roamed through the uncivilized land it was believed that if they followed the guidance of the spirits they would return to their tribes safely and would from then on be considered men. And if they succumbed to the deserts elements, then it was believed that they failed the test of manhood and died shamefully as a boy. Wargny 4 Due to contact with the modern world, the ancient rituals of the aborigine tribes have disappeared or have been replaced by more civil ceremonies that merely symbolize the original rite of passage practices for becoming a man. As validation for becoming an adult, Rumspringa and Alkira Kiumi differ vastly. Rumspringa offers the opportunity to live carefree and seductively in what the Amish refer to as The â€Å"devil’s playground† without reprisal upon their return. Alkira Kiumi was a painful and grueling experience that served to prove a boy’s loyalty and faith in his heritage. Despite the overwhelming differences in these rites of passage, the completion of either of these ritualistic practices indicates a true allegiance to their respective religions and as paying homage to their ancestry. How to cite Cultural Influences on Rite of Passage B, Papers

Hot Dog! A History free essay sample

An in depth history of the hot dog, and discussion of hot dog related issues. i.e. hot dog to bun ratio conspiracy. Hot Dog! a History This is a research paper written about the history and reputation of the hot dog. It discusses the origin of the hot dog, origin of the word hot dog, and discusses various aspects and impacts of the hot dogs existence in todays American culture. Although hot dogs originated in Germany, hot dogs are still as American as apple pie. Hot dogs are one of the oldest forms of processed food, having been mentioned in Homers Odyssey as far back as the 9th Century B.C. (Jackson) At first glance one might think that the Hot Dog has a rather dry history. Upon prying into the archives and prying into the taste buds of the masses, I discovered the hot dogs meaty and controversial history and prominent present gives people plenty to say about the 500 year old dog. We will write a custom essay sample on Hot Dog! A History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Elton John Billy Joel free essay sample

Amazing but not surprising, 50,000 fans on a Sunday night and 50,000 fans on Monday night crammed into Foxboro Stadium to show their appreciation to piano prodigies Elton John and Billy Joel; this wasnt just a concert, it was an experience. For four hours, the fans were up and singing as Joel and John performed Your Song, Honesty, and Dont Let the Sun Go Down on Me. Billys band left, leaving Elton to entertain with such hits as Philadelphia Freedom, Rocket Man, The One, and more. Once more, the two joined to sing I Guess Thats Why They Call It the Blues. Then Billy serenaded thousands with Scenes From an Italian Restaurant, River of Dreams, Only the Good Die Young. The crowd spread into the aisles, on top of seats and bleachers, and screamed, sang, clapped, arranged a wave, and had a once-in-a-lifetime musical experience. Its no surprise that the two could put on such an enjoyable show and leave with every single face, in what seemed to be an endless crowd, smiling and singing while walking to the parking lots, cooking on hibachis, saluting their favorite singers. We will write a custom essay sample on Elton John Billy Joel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An intense concert where almost everyone was closely familiar with the songs, it was hours of talent, brilliance, entertainment, perhaps the best concert to hit this country in decades. Why didnt these two superstars tour earlier? Well, better late than never and in this case, it really was better. Eltons conservative attitude roused many standing ovations and while his fingers skimmed over the keys, he smiled at the crowd, his eyes dancing, his boyish facial expressions classic to his personality. Though, to many peoples disappointment, there were no costumes, only sparkles and leopard-print pants. Billy, on the other hand, as some bluntly put it, was crazy, out of control, like many of those who watched in the bleachers. He excitedly sprayed himself with bug spray, explaining These suckers can fly right into your mouth. He banged on the piano at times, while at others, he, too, sat and belted out his favorite tunes, then bowed in front of the audience. In River of Dreams, he did half a cartwheel off the top of the piano, waltzed around the stage with what appeared to be a big tube on his head, and jumped into the first row of people. Elton would do no such thing, but he definitely oohed and aahed the audience as well. Two so diverse artists, but two so very talented. All in all, this was a concert that will linger in the memory of anyone who attended. Adjectives cant describe the entertainment, excitement and energy these two performers delivered to such a huge number of people. Their voices merged as if they had been singing together for decades, and after they left the stage and hopped into limousines that whisked them off, there was a sense of sadness that lingered it was over! No one thought it would actually end, even as 50,000 people joined in on Piano Man as Billy and Elton merely listened and then began to play again. Yes, it was over, but it will remain as an experience to rave about and never to forget. .

The Entrepreneurial Team in Business Plan Process Essay Example

The Entrepreneurial Team in Business Plan Process Paper 1Introduction Business Link, describes Business Plan as a â€Å"roadmap for future development† and has an essential role for every enterprises. The document narrates â€Å"a business, its objectives, its strategies, the market it is in and its financial forecasts† and it serves several functions to business unit from securing external funding to measuring success within the business (2008). As a statement of intent, business plan displays â€Å"where you are now and where you want to go† (Cracknell, 2006) and a growth strategy has to be incorporated to turn the business plan from a static document into a dynamic template that promote significant growth instead of survival, and more importantly, driven by people. 2Identification of the entrepreneurial team The section of Management Team in the business plan contains description of the roles and explicit functions of the members represented by an organizational chart that include the present force, or otherwise numbered order of people who are anticipated to join or hire with realistic allocated budget (Timmons and Spinelli, p. 243). Prudent entrepreneurs will examine during the business plan process to diagnose current and potential skills’ gaps to execute the plan. We will write a custom essay sample on The Entrepreneurial Team in Business Plan Process specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Entrepreneurial Team in Business Plan Process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Entrepreneurial Team in Business Plan Process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The team is not only confined to management level, but also employees who are empowered to run the daily activities of the venture (Vecchio, 2007). The manpower budgets are guiding tool of the team structure comprising of estimates and total force needed. Identification process involves matching against the job description of each placement with induction before, during and after implementation to avoid the risk of â€Å"overtrading† during startup (Ogilvie, 2006). 2. 1The Team members Managing team dynamic is ever a complex issue between plan and â€Å"realworld†. To VC, â€Å"ideas are a dime a dozen† and it is the execution skills that counts. A venture should begin with resumes of all people involved consisting of the past and track records of the team to ensure capability to meet the projected milestone and future success. They are concise in the business plan. Without a right team, none of the other parts of the business plan really matters (Sahlman, 1997). However, the limitation of early-stage management teams is common in a lead entrepreneur or a small group of founders in small enterprise. During the identification process, focus on strengths of current management team and realistic outline for addition of future officers are reflected in the business plan (McLeod, 2004). The members from the management team are expected be a self-directed work teams who are able to empower employees to make decisions about their work and to help steer corporate vision (Budwig, 2008). In the business plan compilation, the key management team is identified with consideration of management compensation and ownership (p. 243). 2. The Board of Directors In an investor-owned firm (IOF), the composition of the board has to be elected. The choices of the directors are troublesome for new venture and worth careful thought in the identification process (p. 345). The decision of choice is either internal or external which will start with identifying the missing relevant experience to close the potential skill gap, know how, networks and the necessity of hiring from external source. The board is likely to be comprised of mixture of executive directors and non-executive directors. The directors are key value drivers; hence, decisions have to be objective to select trustworthy people. Accordingly, it is not uncommon that directors of new ventures are either from the founder’s team, nominated from internal source, or from internal network unless skill gaps exist or representation to bring value of credibility into the venture is essential. 2. 3The Value-added Investors In empirical study by Palliam (2005), where external funds are required, the main source is equity rather than debt in a bridged pecking order from self-funding to external equity in preference over bank finance. This is because debts are personal liability as it invariably requires to be underwritten by personal guarantees carrying distress cost of bankruptcy. Capital budgeting and deal offers are integral part of the financial analysis section which is apparently comprehensible to the entrepreneurs who are promoters of the venture and having awareness of synergies with suitable business fit deriving from potential group of investors or institutions. Other than cash, identify the correct investors from an ideal business fit can significantly enhance value of the collaboration in tapping into the investors’ resources of experience, wisdom and networks. Likewise, it adds â€Å"devil’s advocate† into the venture idea to identify new area of opportunity and avoidance of the mousetrap fallacy (p. 122). The pre and post money valuation are be presented to pitch and induce interest from the potential investors whose appetite differs. However, bias from information asymmetry in the capital market (Storey, 2005) has its deterrence to identification process in convincing a greenfield project of early stage venture. 3Conclusion In Timmons Model, entrepreneurial team is an indispensible ingredient to potential venture and great teams are short in such endeavours (p. 91). According to Fitz-Enz, employees cost exceeds 40% of corporate expense and that people, and not cash, buildings or equipment, are the livelihood of business (2000, p. 1), therefore the drivers of the entire value chain of business are rich in human interaction. Evidence in Manson and Stark has emphasized investors’ interest in looking for the right people â€Å"who are honest, exhibit a strong work ethic, understand what it takes to make the business succeed, have invested in their business, and have a realistic notion of how to value the business† (Mason and Stark, 2004). A business plan can set the foundation of rising new capital with subsequent profitably in operation. Those businesses that succeeded have identified the unique preposition of their products, territories or markets and have tailored programs to net results from the opportunity identified. All these activities are performed and driven by the entrepreneurial team in the course of implementation and in most cases, supported by the right alliances from the capital market. Eventually, without the people from the team and the financial industry, the entrepreneur’s road to success is skeptical. Reference : Abrams, R. (2003). ‘The Successful Business Plan: Secrets and Strategies’. Palo Alto, CA: The Planning ShopTM. Budwig, M. (2008). ‘Self-Directed Work Teams for Technical Communication: Best Practices in Management’. Society for Technical Communication, 55th Annual Conference, June 2, 2008. Available from: http://www. stc. org/edu/55thConf/download. asp? ID=123 (Accessed on 6 July 2008). Business link (2008). ‘Use your business plan to get funding’. London, U. K. : The Commissioners for Revenue Customs (HMRC). Available from: http://www. businesslink. gov. uk/bdotg/action/layer? topicId=1073958998r. s=sl (Accessed on 6 July 2008). Cracknell, H. (2006). ‘Business Link Guide to writing a Business Plan’. Bytestart. co. uk. (the small business portal), July 26, 2006. Available from: http://www. bytestart. co. uk/content/businessplans/30_2/business-link-business-plan. html (Accessed on 6 July 2008). Fitz-Enz, J. (2000). ‘ROI of Human Capital: Measuring the Economic Value of Employee Performance’. New York, NY: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. http://www. emeraldinsight. com. ezproxy. liv. ac. uk/Insight/ViewContentServlet? Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/2940060404. html (Accessed on 6 July 2008). Mason, C. and Stark, M. (2004). ‘What do Investors Look for in a Business Plan? : A Comparison of the Investment Criteria of Bankers, Venture Capitalists and Business Angels’. International Small Business Journal, 22(3), p. 227. Available from: http://isb. sagepub. com. ezproxy. liv. ac. uk/cgi/reprint/22/3/227 (Accessed on 6 July 2008). McLeod, R. (2004). ‘Management Team’. Glasgow, U. K. : The Scottish Institute for Enterprise. Available from: http://www. sie. ac. uk/File/43R0. aspx (Accessed on 6 July 2008). Ogilvie, J. (2006). ‘CIMA Learning System 2007 Management Accounting Financial Strategy (Cima Learning Systems Strategic Level 2007)’. Burlington, MA : Elsevier Ltd. Palliam, R. (2005). ‘Estimating the cost of capital: considerations for small business’. The Journal of Risk Finance, 6(4), p. 335-340. Available from: Sahlman, W. A. (1997). ‘How to Write a Great Business Plan’. Harvard Business Review Article, July 1, 1997. Available from: www. uio. no/studier/emner/matnat/sfe/ENT4000/v05/undervisningsmateriale/Forretningsplan. pdf (Accessed on 6 July 2008). Storey, D. (2005) Understanding the Small Business Sector. London, U. K. : Thomson Learning. Timmons, J. A. and Spinelli, S. (2007). â€Å"New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century†. New York, N. Y. : McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Vecchio, R. P. (2006). ‘Organizational behavior: Core concepts’. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.

Logical Intervention in Vietna essays

Logical Intervention in Vietna essays American military intervention in Vietnam has always been a highly controversial issue. Many Americans were against intervention in Vietnam. Many Americans question rather the United States should have ever sent troops to Southeast Asia, and if intervention was the correct action, based on foreign policy and bipartisan ideas. After observation of these ideas, it is safe to say that foreign policy and bipartisan ideas justified American military intervention. First of all the United States stance on foreign policy needs to be observed. After World War II the United States became the most powerful nation, it had ever been. The United States had ideas of spreading the American values of liberty, equality, and democracy throughout the world.1 During this time the Soviet Union was less focused on spreading their Communist ideas, and more focused on rebuilding there country, which was demolished during World War II.2 As unthreatening as this seems now, the United States had a great distrust of Russia. The American peoples anti-Nazi sentiments, of World War II, began to be anti-Soviet. The United States and the Soviet Unions conflicting aims and equal distrust were two of the main reason the Cold War began. All Americans, Democrats and Republicans, were allied against the Soviet Union. The Democratic president Truman and his predecessor Eisenhower, a Republican, were both anti-Communist and anti-Soviet. Another policy at this time was containment. The policy was defined by George F. Kennan.3 In a nut shell, the policy stated that Americans should try to stop the spread of Communism. This policy, directed mainly at the Soviet Union, used by the all of the Presidents, though given different monikers, from 1946 until after the Vietnam War. During these times, from about 1945 to 1954, the Vietnamese were fighting a war against France. The Vietnamese sought independence while the Frenc ...

America as a Christian Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

America as a Christian Nation - Essay Example And that they do it only by necessity. According to him "injustice is more profitable to an individual than justice." (360 B.C.) However, it has been a popular teaching in Christianity that God gave men free will. And according to C.S Lewis, it is that same free will that made evil possible. (1943) Men are then free to do good as well as evil. Therefore, because of this free will, in my opinion, it doesn't matter whether or not men are born just or not. Nor is the reason why men are unjust, whether by whim or necessity. All that matters is that men have the capacity to be unjust. And it is that capability for injustice that should be constrained, but how It has been argued that the best of all things is "to do injustice and not be punished," the worst is "to suffer injustice without power of retaliation," (Devine 2004) hence the middle ground is what we call justice as imposed by government. And I agree. I believe that it is the existence of the government that constrains this capability of evil. It provides for laws, renders judgment and imposes punishment. I agree with Rousseau when he stated that even if God did not have a hand on the legitimacy of the government, it is God that gave the individuals inalienable rights. (Devine, 2004) And this includes the right to form a unified body to govern them. You need not be Christian. You can be Muslim or Jewish. You may even call your God different names. But I think, if one believes that all men has inalienable rights, he or she must believe that there is a higher power bestowing that right. Because if the contrary was true, that there is no higher power, then men would be the highest power. We are all gods. I don't think that's right. If we are all gods, that would lead to chaos. As such, since the power of the American government emanates from the people, America as a nation must believe in a higher power, a religion. Why Christianity One main reason why America leans towards Christianity more than the other religions is because of history. We have learned in the readings that through conquests, Christianity was spread from Europe, to the American continent. However, there are also other religions brought by immigrants inside America. There is also the fact that there are many who prefers not to believe in any religion at all. But despite that, I still believe that America is still a Christian nation. Why Because of its teachings. No matter if you call yourself an atheist or declare that you believe in some other god, if you practice what Christianity preach, I call you a Christian. So what are these teachings Firstly, Christianity teaches us to be just, to respect and to do no harm to another. These are the basic virtues that lead to the very goal of our Constitution: the protection of life, liberty and property. Secondly, Christianity t

Evocative Production about Aging Care Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evocative Production about Aging Care - Article Example Gaugler et al. observed that the test for civilization in any society is the manner in which it takes care of its frail members. The policy for the aged in Australia safeguards old people in the society from fearing the young as well as feeling misplaced. If the aged are offered the necessary attention and care, their life is prolonged and opportunistic ailments in old age may be avoided thereby reducing the cost of care as well as the workload of the caregivers. It is important to teach children and the youth that the aging was young just like them and that they too are headed for old age. Sometimes the old might be perceived as having little contribution to the society’s advancement in terms of wealth creation and social development. Nevertheless, the young need to appreciate the efforts of those who came before them in the maintenance of an enabling environment for them to act. For example, if the aged polluted the environment and caused the depletion of natural resources available at this particular time, the youth could not enjoy living on earth as they do. Naturally, an old person who is ill-treated in the society visualizes it as the young population taking advantage of the weak. Baxter cautioned that the society should not let their aging population regret their own existence. Rather, they should be made to feel loved and useful in community affairs. Furthermore, their experience is critical in molding and instilling good morals to the young. The natural wisdom they possess as a result of having interacted and worked with diverse people for a long time may have a significant impact on the conduct of future generations. Stigmatization of the aged may result in the loss of a resourceful component of the society since their capacity to actively participate in communal activities.

Handwritten Character Recognition Using Bayesian Decision Theory

Handwritten Character Recognition Using Bayesian Decision Theory Abstract: Character recognition (CR) can solve more complex problem in handwritten character and make recognition easier. Handwriting character recognition (HCR) has received extensive attention in academic and production fields. The recognition system can be either online or offline. Offline handwritten character recognition is the sub fields of optical character recognition (OCR). The offline handwritten character recognition stages are preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and recognition. Our aim is to improve missing character rate of an offline character recognition using Bayesian decision theory. Keywords: Character recognition, Optical character recognition, Off-line Handwriting, Segmentation, Feature extraction, Bayesian decision theory. Introduction The recognition system can be either on-line or off-line. On-line handwriting recognition involves the automatic conversion of text as it is written on a special digitized or PDA, where a sensor picks up the pen-tip movements as well as pen-up/pen-down switching. That kind of data is known as digital ink and can be regarded as a dynamic representation of handwriting. Off-line handwriting recognition involves the automatic conversion of text in an image into letter codes which are usable within computer and text-processing applications. The data obtained by this form is regarded as a static representation of handwriting. The aim of character recognition is to translate human readable character to machine readable character. Optical character recognition is a process of translation of human readable character to machine readable character in optically scanned and digitized text. Handwritten character recognition (HCR) has received extensive attention in academic and production fields. Bayesian decision theory is a fundamental statistical approach that quantifies the tradeoffs between various decisions using probabilities and costs that accompany such decision. They divided the decision process into the following five steps: Identification of the problem. Obtaining necessary information. Production of possible solution. Evaluation of such solution. Selection of a strategy for performance. They also include a sixth stage implementation of the decision. In the existing approach missing data cannot be recognition which is useful in recognition historical data. In our approach we are recognition the missing words using Bayesian classifier. It first classifier the missing words to obtain minimize error. It can recover as much error as possible. Related Work The history of CR can be traced as early as 1900, when the Russian scientist Turing attempted to develop an aid for the visually handicapped [1]. The first character recognizers appeared in the middle of the 1940s with the development of digital computers. The early work on the automatic recognition of characters has been concentrated either upon machine-printed text or upon a small set of well-distinguished handwritten text or symbols. Machine-printed CR systems in this period generally used template matching in which an image is compared to a library of images. For handwritten text, low-level image processing techniques have been used on the binary image to extract feature vectors, which are then fed to statistical classifiers. Successful, but constrained algorithms have been implemented mostly for Latin characters and numerals. However, some studies on Japanese, Chinese, Hebrew, Indian, Cyrillic, Greek, and Arabic characters and numerals in both machine-printed and handwritten cas es were also initiated [2]. The commercial character recognizers were available in the 1950s, when electronic tablets capturing the x-y coordinate data of pen-tip movement was first introduced. This innovation enabled the researchers to work on the on-line handwriting recognition problem. A good source of references for on-line recognition until 1980 can be found in [3]. Studies up until 1980 suffered from the lack of powerful computer hardware and data acquisition devices. With the explosion of information technology, the previously developed methodologies found a very fertile environment for rapid growth addition to the statistical methods. The CR research was focused basically on the shape recognition techniques without using any semantic information. This led to an upper limit in the recognition rate, which was not sufficient in many practical applications. Historical review of CR research and development during this period can be found in [4] and [3] for off-line and on-line cases, respectively. The real progress on CR systems is achieved during this period, using the new development tools and methodologies, which are empowered by the continuously growing information technologies. In the early 1990s, image processing and pattern recognition techniques were efficiently combined with artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies. Researchers developed complex CR algorithms, which receive high-resolution input data and require extensive number crunching in the implementation phase. Nowadays, in addition to the more powerful computers and more accurate electronic equipments such as scanners, cameras, and electronic tablets, we have efficient, modern use of methodologies such as neural networks (NNs), hidden Markov models (HMMs), fuzzy set reasoning, and natural language processing. The recent systems for the machine-printed off-line [2] [5] and limited vocabulary, user-dependent on-line handwritten characters [2] [12] are quite satisfactory for restricted applications. However, there is still a long way to go in order to reach the ultimate goal of machine simulation of fluent human reading, especially for unconstrained on-line and off-line handwriting. Bayesian decision Theory (BDT), one of the statistical techniques for pattern classification, to identify each of the large number of black-and-white rectangular pixel displays as one of the 26 capital letters in the English alphabet. The character images were based on 20 different fonts and each letter within 20 fonts was randomly distorted to produce a file of 20,000 unique instances [6]. Existing System In this overview, character recognition (CR) is used as an umbrella term, which covers all types of machine recognition of characters in various application domains. The overview serves as an update for the state-of-the-art in the CR field, emphasizing the methodologies required for the increasing needs in newly emerging areas, such as development of electronic libraries, multimedia databases, and systems which require handwriting data entry. The study investigates the direction of the CR research, analyzing the limitations of methodologies for the systems, which can be classified based upon two major criteria: 1) the data acquisition process (on-line or off-line) and 2) the text type (machine-printed or handwritten). No matter in which class the problem belongs, in general, there are five major stages Figure1 in the CR problem: 1) Preprocessing 2) Segmentation 3) Feature Extraction 4) Recognition 5) Post processing 3.1. Preprocessing The raw data, depending on the data acquisition type, is subjected to a number of preliminary processing steps to make it usable in the descriptive stages of character analysis. Preprocessing aims to produce data that are easy for the CR systems to operate accurately. The main objectives of preprocessing are: 1) Noise reduction 2) Normalization of the data 3) Compression in the amount of information to be retained. In order to achieve the above objectives, the following techniques are used in the preprocessing stage. Preprocessing Segmentation Splits Words Feature Extraction Recognition Post processing Figure 1. Character recognition 3.1.1 Noise Reduction The noise, introduced by the optical scanning device or the writing instrument, causes disconnected line segments, bumps and gaps in lines, filled loops, etc. The distortion, including local variations, rounding of corners, dilation, and erosion, is also a problem. Prior to the CR, it is necessary to eliminate these imperfections. Hundreds of available noise reduction techniques can be categorized in three major groups [7] [8]: a) Filtering b) Morphological Operations c) Noise Modeling 3.1.2 Normalization Normalization methods aim to remove the variations of the writing and obtain standardized data. The following are the basic methods for normalization [4] [10][16]. a) Skew Normalization and Baseline Extraction b) Slant Normalization c) Size Normalization 3.1.3 Compression It is well known that classical image compression techniques transform the image from the space domain to domains, which are not suitable for recognition. Compression for CR requires space domain techniques for preserving the shape information. a) Threshold: In order to reduce storage requirements and to increase processing speed, it is often desirable to represent gray-scale or color images as binary images by picking a threshold value. Two categories of threshold exist: global and local. Global threshold picks one threshold value for the entire document image which is often based on an estimation of the background level from the intensity histogram of the image. Local (adaptive) threshold use different values for each pixel according to the local area information. b) Thinning: While it provides a tremendous reduction in data size, thinning extracts the shape information of the characters. Thinning can be considered as conversion of off-line handwriting to almost on-line like data, with spurious branches and artifacts. Two basic approaches for thinning are 1) pixel wise and 2) nonpareil wise thinning [1]. Pixel wise thinning methods locally and iteratively process the image until one pixel wide skeleton remains. They are very sensitive to noise and may deform the shape of the character. On the other hand, the no pixel wise methods use some global information about the character during the thinning. They produce a certain median or centerline of the pattern directly without examining all the individual pixels. In clustering-based thinning method defines the skeleton of character as the cluster centers. Some thinning algorithms identify the singular points of the characters, such as end points, cross points, and loops. These points are the source of problems. In a nonpareil wise thinning, they are handled with global approaches. A survey of pixel wise and nonpareil wise thinning approaches is available in [9]. 3.2. Segmentation The preprocessing stage yields a clean document in the sense that a sufficient amount of shape information, high compression, and low noise on a normalized image is obtained. The next stage is segmenting the document into its subcomponents. Segmentation is an important stage because the extent one can reach in separation of words, lines, or characters directly affects the recognition rate of the script. There are two types of segmentation: external segmentation, which is the isolation of various writing units, such as paragraphs, sentences, or words, and internal segmentation, which is the isolation of letters, especially in cursively written words. 1) External Segmentation: It is the most critical part of the document analysis, which is a necessary step prior to the off-line CR Although document analysis is a relatively different research area with its own methodologies and techniques, segmenting the document image into text and non text regions is an integral part of the OCR software. Therefore, one who works in the CR field should have a general overview for document analysis techniques. Page layout analysis is accomplished in two stages: The first stage is the structural analysis, which is concerned with the segmentation of the image into blocks of document components (paragraph, row, word, etc.), and the second one is the functional analysis, which uses location, size, and various layout rules to label the functional content of document components (title, abstract, etc.) [12]. 2) Internal Segmentation: Although the methods have developed remarkably in the last decade and a variety of techniques have emerged, segmentation of cursive script into letters is still an unsolved problem. Character segmentation strategies are divided into three categories [13] is Explicit Segmentation, Implicit Segmentation and Mixed Strategies. 3.3. Feature Extraction Image representation plays one of the most important roles in a recognition system. In the simplest case, gray-level or binary images are fed to a recognizer. However, in most of the recognition systems, in order to avoid extra complexity and to increase the accuracy of the algorithms, a more compact and characteristic representation is required. For this purpose, a set of features is extracted for each class that helps distinguish it from other classes while remaining invariant to characteristic differences within the class[14]. A good survey on feature extraction methods for CR can be found [15].In the following, hundreds of document image representations methods are categorized into three major groups are Global Transformation and Series Expansion, Statistical Representation and Geometrical and Topological Representation . 3.4. Recognition Techniques CR systems extensively use the methodologies of pattern recognition, which assigns an unknown sample into a predefined class. Numerous techniques for CR can be investigated in four general approaches of pattern recognition, as suggested in [16] are Template matching, Statistical techniques, and Structural techniques and Neural networks. 3.5. Post Processing Until this point, no semantic information is considered during the stages of CR. It is well known that humans read by context up to 60% for careless handwriting. While preprocessing tries to clean the document in a certain sense, it may remove important information, since the context information is not available at this stage. The lack of context information during the segmentation stage may cause even more severe and irreversible errors since it yields meaningless segmentation boundaries. It is clear that if the semantic information were available to a certain extent, it would contribute a lot to the accuracy of the CR stages. On the other hand, the entire CR problem is for determining the context of the document image. Therefore, utilization of the context information in the CR problem creates a chicken and egg problem. The review of the recent CR research indicates minor improvements when only shape recognition of the character is considered. Therefore, the incorporation of contex t and shape information in all the stages of CR systems is necessary for meaningful improvements in recognition rates. The proposed System Architecture The proposed research methodology for off-line cursive handwritten characters is described in this section as shown in Figure 2. 4.1 Preprocessing There exist a whole lot of tasks to complete before the actual character recognition operation is commenced. These preceding tasks make certain the scanned document is in a suitable form so as to ensure the input for the subsequent recognition operation is intact. The process of refining the scanned input image includes several steps that include: Binarization, for transforming gray-scale images in to black white images, scraping noises, Skew Correction- performed to align the input with the coordinate system of the scanner and etc., The preprocessing stage comprise three steps: (1) Binarization (2) Noise Removal (3) Skew Correction Scanned Document Image Feature Extraction Bayesian Decision Theory Training and Recognition Pre-processing Binarization Noise Removal Skew correction Segmentation Line Word Character Recognition o/p Figure 2. Proposed System Architecture 4.1.1 Binarization Extraction of foreground (ink) from the background (paper) is called as threshold. Typically two peaks comprise the histogram gray-scale values of a document image: a high peak analogous to the white background and a smaller peak corresponding to the foreground. Fixing the threshold value is determining the one optimal value between the peaks of gray-scale values [1]. Each value of the threshold is tried and the one that maximizes the criterion is chosen from the two classes regarded as the foreground and back ground points. 4.1.2 Noise Removal The presence of noise can cost the efficiency of the character recognition system; this topic has been dealt extensively in document analysis for typed or machine-printed documents. Noise may be due the poor quality of the document or that accumulated whilst scanning, but whatever is the cause of its presence it should be removed before further Processing. We have used median filtering and Wiener filtering for the removal of the noise from the image. 4.1.3 Skew Correction Aligning the paper document with the co-ordinate system of the scanner is essential and called as skew correction. There exist a myriad of approaches for skew correction covering correlation, projection, profiles, Hough transform and etc. For skew angle detection Cumulative Scalar Products (CSP) of windows of text blocks with the Gabor filters at different orientations are calculated. Alignment of the text line is used as an important feature in estimating the skew angle. We calculate CSP for all possible 50X50 windows on the scanned document image and the median of all the angles obtained gives the skew angle. 4.2 Segmentation Segmentation is a process of distinguishing lines, words, and even characters of a hand written or machine-printed document, a crucial step as it extracts the meaningful regions for analysis. There exist many sophisticated approaches for segmenting the region of interest. Straight-forward, may be the task of segmenting the lines of text in to words and characters for a machine printed documents in contrast to that of handwritten document, which is quiet difficult. Examining the horizontal histogram profile at a smaller range of skew angles can accomplish it. The details of line, word and character segmentation are discussed as follows. 4.2.1 Line Segmentation Obviously the ascenders and descanters frequently intersect up and down of the adjacent lines, while the lines of text might itself flutter up and down. Each word of the line resides on the imaginary line that people use to assume while writing and a method has been formulated based on this notion shown fig.3. Figure 3. Line Segmentation The local minima points are calibrated from each Component to approximate this imaginary baseline. To calculate and categorize the minima of all components and to recognize different handwritten lines clustering techniques are deployed. 4.2.2 Word and Character Segmentation The process of word segmentation succeeds the line separation task. Most of the word segmentation issues usually concentrate on discerning the gaps between the characters to distinguish the words from one another other. This process of discriminating words emerged from the notion that the spaces between words are usually larger than the spaces between the characters in fig 4. Figure 4. Word Segmentation There are not many approaches to word segmentation issues dealt in the literature. In spite of all these perceived conceptions, exemptions are quiet common due to flourishes in writing styles with leading and trailing ligatures. Alternative methods not depending on the one-dimensional distance between components, incorporates cues that humans use. Meticulous examination of the variation of spacing between the adjacent characters as a function of the corresponding characters themselves helps reveal the writing style of the author, in terms of spacing. The segmentation scheme comprises the notion of expecting greater spaces between characters with leading and trailing ligatures. Recognizing the words themselves in textual lines can itself help lead to isolation of words. Segmentation of words in to its constituent characters is touted by most recognition methods. Features like ligatures and concavity are used for determining the segmentation points. 4.3 Feature Extraction The size inevitably limited in practice, it becomes essential to exploit optimal usage of the information stored in the available database for feature extraction. Thanks to the sequence of straight lines, instead of a set of pixels, it is attractive to represent character images in handwritten character recognition. Whilst holding discriminated information to feed the classifier, considerable reduction on the amount of data is achieved through vector representation that stores only two pairs of ordinates replacing information of several pixels. Vectorization process is performed only on basis of bi-dimensional image of a character in off-line character recognition, as the dynamic level of writing is not available. Reducing the thickness of drawing to a single pixel requires thinning of character images first. Character before and after Thinning After streamlining the character to its skeleton, entrusting on an oriented search process of pixels and on a criterion of quality of represe ntation goes on the vectorization process. The oriented search process principally works by searching for new pixels, initially in the same direction and on the current line segment subsequently. The search direction will deviate progressively from the present one when no pixels are traced. The dynamic level of writing is retrieved of course with moderate level of accuracy, and that is object of oriented search. Starting the scanning process from top to bottom and from left to right, the starting point of the first line segment, the first pixel is identified. According to the oriented search principle, specified is the next pixel that is likely to be incorporated in the segment. Horizontal is the default direction of the segment considered for oriented search. Either if the distortion of representation exceeds a critical threshold or if the given number of pixels has been associated with the segment, the conclusion of line segment occurs. Computing the average distance between the l ine segment and the pixels associated with it will yield the distortion of representation. The sequence of straight lines being represented through ordinates of its two extremities character image representation is streamlined finally. All the ordinates are regularized in accordance to the initial width and height of character image to resolve scale Variance. 4.4 Bayesian Decision Theories The Bayesian decision theory is a system that minimizes the classification error. This theory plays a role of a prior. This is when there is priority information about something that we would like to classify. It is a fundamental statistical approach that quantifies the tradeoffs between various decisions using probabilities and costs that accompany such decisions. First, we will assume that all probabilities are known. Then, we will study the cases where the probabilistic structure is not completely known. Suppose we know P (wj) and p (x|wj) for j = 1, 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦n. and measure the lightness of a fish as the value x. Define P (wj |x) as the a posteriori probability (probability of the state of nature being wj given the measurement of feature value x). We can use the Bayes formula to convert the prior probability to the posterior probability P (wj |x) = Where p(x) P (x|wj) is called the likelihood and p(x) is called the evidence. Probability of error for this decision P (w1 |x) if we decide w2 P (w2|x) if we decide w1 P (error|x) = { Average probability of error P (error) = P (error) = Bayes decision rule minimizes this error because P (error|x) = min {P (w1|x), P (w2|x)} Let {w1. . . wc} be the finite set of c states of nature (classes, categories). Let {ÃŽÂ ±1. . . ÃŽÂ ±a} be the finite set of a possible actions. Let ÃŽÂ » (ÃŽÂ ±i |wj) be the loss incurred for taking action ÃŽÂ ±i when the state of nature is wj. Let x be the D-component vector-valued random variable called the feature vector. P (x|wj) is the class-conditional probability density function. P (wj) is the prior probability that nature is in state wj. The posterior probability can be computed as P (wj |x) = Where p(x) Suppose we observe x and take action ÃŽÂ ±i. If the true state of nature is wj, we incur the loss ÃŽÂ » (ÃŽÂ ±i |wj). The expected loss with taking action ÃŽÂ ±i is R (ÃŽÂ ±i |x) = which is also called the conditional risk. The general decision rule ÃŽÂ ±(x) tells us which action to take for observation x. We want to find the decision rule that minimizes the overall risk R = Bayes decision rule minimizes the overall risk by selecting the action ÃŽÂ ±i for which R (ÃŽÂ ±i|x) is minimum. The resulting minimum overall risk is called the Bayes risk and is the best performance that can be achieved. 4.5 Simulations This section describes the implementation of the mapping and generation model. It is implemented using GUI (Graphical User Interface) components of the Java programming under Eclipse Tool and Database storing data in Microsoft Access. For given Handwritten image character and convert to Binarization, Noise Remove and Segmentation as shown in Figure 5(a). Then after perform Feature Extraction, Recognition using Bayesian decision theory as shown in Figure5(b). Figure 5(a) Binarization, Noise Remove and Segmentation Figure 5(b) Recognition using Bayesian decision theory 5. Results and Discussion This database contains 86,272 word instances from an 11,050 word dictionary written down in 13,040 text lines. We used the sets of the benchmark task with the closed vocabulary IAM-OnDB-t13. There the data is divided into four sets: one set for training; one set for validating the Meta parameters of the training; a second validation set which can be used, for example, for optimizing a language model; and an independent test set. No writer appears in more than one set. Thus, a writer independent recognition task is considered. The size of the vocabulary is about 11K. In our experiments, we did not include a language model. Thus the second validation set has not been used. Table1. Shows the results of the four individual recognition systems [17]. The word recognition rate is simply measured by dividing the number of correct recognized words by the number of words in the transcription. We presented a new Bayesian decision theory for the recognition of handwritten notes written on a whiteboard. We combined two off-line and two online recognition systems. To combine the output sequences of the recognizers, we incrementally aligned the word sequences using a standard string matching algorithm. Evaluation of proposed Bayesian decision theory with existing recognition systems with respect to graph is shown in figure 6. Table 1. Results of four individuals recognition systems System Method Recognition rate Accuracy 1st Offline Hidden Markov Method 66.90% 61.40% 1st Online ANN 73.40% 65.10% 2nd Online HMM 73.80% 65.20% 2nd Offline Bayesian Decision theory 75.20% 66.10% Figure 6 Evaluation of Bayesian decision theory with existing recognition systems Then each output position the word with the most occurrences has been used as the  ¬Ã‚ nal result. With the Bayesian decision theory could statistically signi ¬Ã‚ cantly increase the accuracy. 6. Conclusion We conclude that the proposed approach for offline character recognition, which fits the input character image for the appropriate feature and classifier according to the input image quality. In existing system missing characters cant be identified. Our approach using Bayesian Decision Theories which can classify missing data effectively which decrease error in compare to hidden Markova model. Significantly increases in accuracy levels will found in our method for character recognition